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These later sales could open a venue to those buyers and sellers who would otherwise have had to wait until the next year to offer their works at the biggest sales at Christie’s. An emergent seasonal structure may have helped to further demarcate exceptional auction periods from day-to-day commerce, elevating art auctions from a series of interchangeable incidents to an annual, weeks-long “event” looked to with anticipation and excitement by auctioneers and buyers alike. Arjun Appadurai’s conception of auctions as “tournaments of value” is particularly apt here.
- We are using a mixed-methods approach to investigate how culture can create both barriers and opportunities when implementing change in different parts of the maternity services.
- In his broader analysis of international auctions between 1801 and 1820, Christian Huemer has shown that major European art centres appear to have established their own regional auction seasons; England favouring the late spring, France peaking in November, and smaller markets in Belgium and the Netherlands focusing sales in the late summer, when the major markets in London and Paris were largely quiet.
- For all the incentives for auction houses to tightly cluster almost all their high-end sales during the height of the London social season, it is also important to recognize a notable exception.
- It may not be a coincidence that this change came after James Christie died in 1803 and the house passed to his eldest son, also named James.
The rush of activity among London’s auction houses in the first few weeks of summer has long been a familiar occurrence that persists even today. This paper draws on quantitative methods to explore the gradual emergence of a tightly scheduled auction season in London at the turn of the nineteenth century, focusing on the sale of paintings. By analysing historical art auction catalogue data, the paper traces the ways 101steroids in which this shift varied across different segments of the auction market, as well as between individual auction houses. As our study shows, the temporal clustering of painting auctions had specific business advantages, but it also played a key role in enhancing the social import of these auctions, demarcating an annual, weeks-long “event” looked to with anticipation and excitement by auctioneers and buyers alike.
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Likewise, it should be noted that Foster was also the only firm we found that appears to have conducted a large portion of its sales midweek (particularly on Wednesday and Thursday—see fig. 9), perhaps taking advantage of the weekly vacuum left by other houses, Christie’s in particular, that favoured Friday and Saturday. While scheduling sales in a short seasonal timeline may have been beneficial for many firms looking to bring together buyers and sellers in a socially charged environment, Foster clearly strove to carve out a unique position even in the midst of the unavoidable peak season, scheduling around behemoths like Christie’s while still taking advantage of the rich field of potential buyers gathered in one season and place. That there was, in fact, no prominent sale on that date in 1808 points to this Maecenas’ gullibility.31 Based on our analysis of auction dates, we might also note that he was less likely to find auctions of truly capital pictures in London while there was still snow on the ground. Our analysis supports Roberts’s characterization of Christie’s scattered auction schedule in the 1780s and 1790s.
I also have a strong track record of publications, experience of peer reviewing articles for journals such as PLOS and BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, and have been involved in grant writing. I currently work part-time as a postdoctoral researcher in maternity organisation and culture with Rachel Arnold. We are using a mixed-methods approach to investigate how culture can create both barriers and opportunities when implementing change in different parts of the maternity services. I am a Research Staff Association Representative for the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences and also working in other projects at Bournemouth University including midwifery education in Nepal and paramedics managing mental health patients.
Water Jacketed Vessels
Grey Healthcare has
restructured to make London its global hub, Leo Burnett has kicked off a
new Life Brands arm, and while the others are buying in new expertise,
McCann-Erickson has been quietly adding weight like a body-builder on
steroids. Abram Fox and Matthew Lincoln, Lots Auctioned by Day of the Week, The ratio of lots auctioned per day of the week by Christie’s, Harry Phillips, and Edward Foster, 1780–1835. The grey bars are calculated from the schedules of all auction houses, allowing one to compare the individual schedules of Christie’s, Phillips, and Foster to the overall trend.
For example, the CV of Christie’s top sales days decreased, on average, by 71 percent between 1780 and 1835, while the CV of houses other than Christie’s only decreased by 10 percent. To what extent are these same changing scheduling strategies reflected in newspaper advertisements by auction houses? If advertisements had a better survival rate than auction catalogues, particularly for smaller or lower-end sales, then they may offer a fruitful source for checking the representativeness of the Getty’s auction data at different periods in time. Future work might also investigate whether scheduling patterns were affected by particular genres of artwork, or the nationalities of the artists who painted them.
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Moreover, our results also suggest that the house began to follow a more regular and concentrated summer auction schedule after 1800. It may not be a coincidence that this change came after James Christie died in 1803 and the house passed to his eldest son, also named James. Yet there was also a dynamic temporal dimension to the social world of nineteenth-century London.
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Giving the defendant a 10 per cent discount for his guilty pleas – which were entered on the day his trial was due to start – recorder Christopher Clee QC sentenced Harries to 21 months prison for each of the seven offences, all the sentences to run concurrently with each another making an overall sentence of 21 months which was suspended for two years. Mr Evans said his client had a partner and two children, and was concerned about what would happen to them if he went straight into custody. Andrew Evans, for Harries, said the defendant had previously served his country in the armed forces, and he described the steroid operation as “a business run from a bedroom”. Our staff are highly knowledgeable with regards to the strict regulations that pharmaceutical manufacturers must adhere to, and GMP standards.
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The PARI Initiative aims to improve evidnece-based practice in Higher Education in Nepal, in short trying to move away from textbook teaching in health care and teach Nepali students about finding the most appropriate evidence-based treatment for each patient. PARI will help to refocus curricula in Nepal with greater emphasis on research information. Having used the UGL human growth hormone from adelphi research and had much success with it, the above result is surprising to me. Since adelphi research used to be optimum-biotech, and we all know what started happening with those dosages, is this yet another downgrade in quality and another rebrand will follow shortly?
With so many other better options now on the market, i think it could be time to move away from Adelphi. Abram Fox and Matthew Lincoln, Indexing of British Sale Catalogues, Indexing progress on the 9,000 surviving British sales catalogues located by the Getty Research Institute and its partner institutions. The period with the most completely indexed catalogues falls between 1780 and 1835.
The Temporal Dimensions of the London Art Auction, 1780–1835
Much like the spatial structure defined by physical viewing spaces, the temporal structures defined by auction houses, exhibiting institutions, and the larger social Season played an active role in reshaping the London art market in this period. The seasonal influence of the Royal Academy exhibition and other Society events on auction schedules was not necessarily a one-way relationship, however. In turn, Christie’s and Harry Phillips themselves also appear to have extended their own high-volume seasons to follow the lengthening Royal Academy exhibition. Both the Royal Academy and the auction houses may also have been gradually adapting to third-party factors as well.
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